REPRODUCTION

Most traits are adapted from Klotz et al. (2002).

Type of reproduction:

• s: by seed or spore
• ssv: mostly by seed, rarely vegetatively
• sv: by seed and vegetatively
• vvs: mostly vegetatively, rarely by seed
• v: vegetatively

Propagule:

• Aggregate fruit
• Bulb
• Fruit
• Fruit fragment
• Fruit with appendage
• Plant fragment
• Rhizome
• Root
• Seed
• Shoot
• Spore

Dispersal mode (vectors):

• Anemochory (wind dispersal)
• Autochory (self dispersal)
• Endozoochory (dispersal via an animal’s digestive system)
• Epizoochory (external dispersal by animals)
• Hydrochory (water dispersal)
• Myrmecochory (ant dispersal)
• Unspecialized

Breeding system:

• Allogamous: obligate outcrossing; gametes originate from different sporophytes
• Facultative allogamous: mainly outcrossing, selfing is possible
• Autogamous: obligate selfing; gametes originate from the same sporophyte
• Facultative autogamous: mainly selfing, outcrossing is rare
• Mixed mating: both outcrossing and selfing are common

Sex type:

• Androdioecious: male and bisexual (or monoecious) flowers on different plants
• Andromonoecious: male and bisexual flowers on same plant
• Dioecious: male and female flowers on different plants
• Gynodioecious: female and bisexual (or monoecious) flowers on different plants
• Gynomonoecious: female and bisexual flowers on same plant
• Hermaphrodite: all flowers bisexual
• Monoecious: male and female flowers on same plant
• Trimonoecious: bisexual, male and female flowers on same plant
• Trioecious: male and female and bisexual, and/or monoecious, gynomonoecious or andromonoecious flowers on different plants

Fruit type:

• Aggregate drupelets: made up of many drupes but formed from a single flower, each drupe containing one seed
• Berry: indehiscent, with fleshy pericarp and woody testa
• Capsule: dehiscent, fruit with multiple carpels; may open in various ways splitting down two sides
• Drupe: indehiscent, with fleshy epicarp and mesocarp and woody endocarp; testa not woody
• Follicle: dehiscent; a single carpel splitting down one side
• Head of achenes: made up of many achenes but formed from a single flower
• Loment: special kind of dry dehiscent fruits which break up into sections containing a single seed, instead of splitting open
• Missing: fruits are not developed (i.e. ferns, gymnosperms)
• Nut: indehiscent, with dry pericarp
• Nutlet: indehiscent, dry single-seeded fruit
• Pod: dehiscent, single carpel splitting down two sides
• Pome: indehiscent, fleshy; fruit (apple like) with a thin skin, not formed from the ovary but from another part of the plant (receptacle)
• Schizocarp: dry fruit that splits up into separate fruitlets due to true septae across the carpel margins
• Siliqua: dehiscent with two carpels splitting away from a central column
• Vegetative

Fruit size:

Fruit length in mm.

Pollination mode:

• Cleistogamy: selfing in unopened, rudimentary flower
• Geitonogamy: selfing by a neighbouring flower
• Insects: pollination by insects
• Pseudocleistogamy: selfing in unopened flower
• Selfing: spontaneous pollination within a flower
• Slugs: pollination by slugs
• Water: pollination on or below water
• Wind: pollination by wind

Seed length:

Seed length in mm.

Seed width:

Seed width in mm.

Seed mass:

Seed mass in mg.

Seed production:

Number of seeds produced per plant.

Seed bank type:

According to Thompson et al. (1997)

• I:transient seed bank with seeds that persist in the soil for less than one year
• II: short-term persistent seed bank with seeds that persist in the soil for at least 1 year but less than 5 years
• III: persistent seed bank with seeds that persist in the soil for at least 5 years
• IV: seeds present but cannot be assigned to one of the three seed bank types

Flowering time:

First and last month of flowering period.